武器存在的时间和人类一样长 Weapons have existed as long as humankind.
几千年来 他们已经确定了 For millennia, they have determined
几代人的命运 the destiny of generations.
武器带来痛苦和死亡 Weapons bring suffering and death.
它们展示了人类可以对其他人类施加什么影响 They show what humans can inflict upon other humans.
但他们也打算维持和平 But they are also intended to keep the peace
为技术铺平道路 and pave new ways for technology.
几个世纪以来 有三种武器被标记出来 For centuries, three weapons have marked
最直接的战争形式 肉搏战 the most immediate form of warfare, hand-to-hand combat.
惊人的实验将揭示 Astonishing experiments will reveal
身体和心理因素有多密切 how closely physical and psychological factors
可以相互交织在一起的 can be intertwined.
直到今天 许多军队仍然使用刺刀 To this day, the bayonet is still used by many armies
这是有原因的 and there's a reason for this.
所以 我感到害怕 So, I felt afraid.
战争锤 The war hammer.
一种对付骑士盔甲的野蛮工具 A brute instrument against the knight's armor.
那只是对身体的打击 That's just blows to the body.
像这样的武器打在头上会有什么用? What would a weapon like this do with a blow to the head?
罗马角斗士 短剑 The Roman gladius, the short sword
这将有助于征服整个帝国 that will help conquering an entire empire.
罗马人使用了一种特殊的技术 The Romans used a special technique
拔剑 to draw the sword.
半个多世纪以来 The gladius, for more than half a century,
它是罗马军团的标准武器 it was the standard weapon of Roman legionaries.
一个标志着整个时代的武器 A weapon that marked a whole era.
这是公元前200年 It is the year 200 B.C.E.
在与罗马人作战之后 马其顿的战士们 After a battle against the Romans, the Macedonian warriors
想埋葬他们死去的同志 want to bury their dead comrades.
一位编年史家后来报道了这些可怕的伤口 A chronicler later reports on the terrifying wounds
用罗马剑造成的 inflicted by Roman swords.
马其顿人对这次破坏完全感到震惊 The Macedonians were absolutely horrified by the damage
罗马人对他们士兵的尸体做过手脚 the Romans had done to the bodies of their soldiers.
这些人不再完整了 These men weren't complete anymore.
这在心理上非常非常成功 This was very very successful, psychologically
以及军事方面 as well as militarily.
短剑的想法 The idea for the short sword
最初是由西班牙的凯尔特人开发的 was originally developed by the Celtiberians in Spain.
罗马人采用了这种制度 并逐渐完善了这一制度 The Romans adopt it and gradually perfect the system.
罗马人从迦太基人手中征服了西班牙 The Romans conquered Spain from the Carthaginians
接管这些资产 and took over these assets.
他们还接手了剑的基本设计 They also took over the basic sword design,
是伊比利亚语而不是罗马语 which was Iberian rather than Roman.
这就是罗马人一贯的冷酷无情 So this is the Roman's being their usual relentless,
冷酷无情的自我 remorseless, ruthless selves.
他们发现了一些非常好的东西 They've found something really good
他们会充分利用它 and they're going to make the very best use of it.
一种有效的肉搏战武器 An effective weapon for hand to hand combat,
作为远程武器的补充 比如pilum as an addition to range weapons, like the pilum,
对生存至关重要 is essential for survival.
早期罗马人的剑又细又长 Earlier Romans swords are thin and long.
他们不适合罗马人的作战技术 They don't fit to the Roman combat technique.
龟头龟密集的龟头或龟龟群 The dense testudou or tortoise formation.
刀剑专家 斯蒂芬·罗特 可以告诉我们原因 Swords expert Stephan Rote can show us why.
当你排成罗马队形时 When you're in a Roman formation
你把剑放在左臀部 and you carry your sword on the left hip,
你得费好大劲才能解开它 you'll struggle a lot to unsheath it.
我将向您展示 I'll show you.
这样 我就撞到了我后面的人 This way, I hit the man behind me.
如果我试着降低水平 我也会打到我旁边的人 If I try to make a level cut, I hit the man next to me too.
这对我的战友们是致命的威胁 It's life threatening for my fellow combatants
和我并肩作战 to fight next to me.
最坏的情况是 The worst case would be
我必须打开队形 that I would have to open the formation
把我的剑拔出来 to draw my sword forwards.
也就是说 我会敞开心扉 Meaning I would open myself completely.
我要制造一个缺口 让敌人渗透进去 I would create a gap for the enemies to penetrate
破坏队形 and destroy the formation.
我们正在模拟一个远古时代 We are simulating an ancient
近战的情况 close combat situation.
先用长剑 Using a long sword first.
那将是我的末日 That would be the end of me.
一个完整的灾难 A complete catastrophe.
我会打开防护墙 I'd open the shield wall, in fact,
这不仅是我的目的 也是我的同志们的目的 that's not only my end but the end for my comrades as well.
斯蒂芬·罗特 公开 Stephan Roth expose
历史上的武器是如何切割和推进的 how historical cut and thrust weapons
部署和制造 were deployed and manufactured.
他将向我们展示他是如何锻造角斗士的 He will show us how he forges a gladius
与传统的技术 with traditional techniques.
他需要一种特殊的原料来做这个项目 He needs a special raw material for this project.
钢 在这种形式下它看起来不像 Steel, in this form it doesn't look like
是世界上最重要的材料之一 one of the most important materials in the world.
这是生钢 This is raw steel.
它看起来很不起眼 像珊瑚 It looks quite unspectacular, like coral.
你还看不出来它是钢的 You can't see yet that it's steel.
但这是他们在2000年前使用的材料 But that's the kind of material they used 2,000 years ago.
我们想在这里锻造一把传统的剑 We want to forge a traditional sword here.
尽可能接近原作 As close to the original as possible.
当然 我们只能用钢铁来实现这一点 And of course we can only achieve this with steel.
斯蒂芬·罗特和他的徒弟 Stefan Roth and his apprentice
准备把这个红热的肿块变成红色 intend to turn this red hot lump
变成一把锋利而精准的剑 into a sharp and precise sword.
他们还有许多工作要做 There is a lot of work ahead for them.
他们必须反复加热和锤击钢铁 They have to heat and hammer the steel over and over again.
这是它如何进入正确的形式为剑空白 This is how it gets into the right form for the sword blank.
下一步 折叠钢材 The next step, folding the steel.
这个过程有助于去除杂质和微裂缝 This process helps remove impurities and micro-fractures
把碳的含量拉平 and evens out the carbon content,
使材料非常稳定 making the material extremely stable.
通常折叠8到20次 You usually fold eight to 20 times.
折叠8次大约是一天的工作 Folding eight times is approximately one day's work.
无论我在非洲、欧洲还是亚洲 Whether I'm in Africa, Europe or Asia,
准备过程 或者说折叠过程 the preparation process, or rather the folding
钢材的均质化 到处都是一样的 and homogenizing of the steel, is the same everywhere.
感谢斯蒂芬·罗斯的工作 For his work, Stephan Roth
指的是一个有3500年历史的传统 refers back to a 3,500 year old tradition.
考古发现的铁武器和工具 Archeological finds of iron weapons and tools
可以追溯到这个时期 dating back to this period.
当时 他们带来了 Back then, they brought about
一场名副其实的战争革命 a veritable revolution in warfare.
从公元前800年开始 罗马人 凯尔特人 From 800 B.C. onwards, the Romans, Celtic
日耳曼人使用粘土制成的粉彩 and Germanic peoples used blumeries made of clay
用于冶炼铁矿石 for smelting iron ore.
例如 罗马人能够做到的一件事 One of the things, for example, Romans were able to do
当他们扩张他们的帝国时 他们得到了控制 as they expand their empire, they get to control
他们可以在那里找到新材料 resource ares where they can find new materials.
所以他们从他们的帝国中砍伐木材 So they're stripping out timber from their empire
因为他们用的是他们自己的 他们用的是铁 because they've used their own, they're using iron
来自西班牙 西班牙群岛 是非常重要的一部分 from Spain, Spanish islands, been a very significant part
铁器时代早期以来的武器制造 of weapons manufacturing since the early iron age.
迦太基人使用西班牙铁 The Carthaginians use Spanish iron.
罗马人用西班牙铁制角斗士 The Romans use Spanish iron to make the gladius.
当您扩展资源库时 As you extend your resource base
你可以拿起其他武器 you can pick up other weapons.
你可以学习当地的思想 也可以学习当地的资源 You can pick up both local ideas but also local resources.
所以你正在征服的事情之一就是能力 So one of the things you're conquering is the ability
制造武器 to manufacture weapons.
温度超过 At temperatures of more than
1100摄氏度 1100 degrees celsius,
冶炼的铁从花丛中流出 smelted iron flows out of the bloomery.
它是钢铁的基本原料 It is the basic material for steel.
一切都始于铁矿石 It all starts with iron ore.
严格地说 那是氧化铁 Strictly speaking, that's iron oxide.
铁和氧的化合物 The compound of iron and oxygen.
问题是氧气 The problem is the oxygen.
它会影响材料的性能 所以你可以去掉它 It affects the material properties, so you get rid of it
通过加热 by heating it.
你还可以加上碳 因为它需要氧气和燃烧 You also add carbon because it uses oxygen and combustion.
但是之后 碳的比例就高了 But afterwards, you have a high carbon proportion.
使钢变脆 Making the steel brittle.
还有一些你不想要的元素 There are a few more elements that you don't want in there
你可以通过烧掉它们来摆脱这些 and you get rid of all of these by burning them off
温度很高 with a very high temperature.
武器工业已经发展起来 The weapons industry has developed
钢铁加工领域的许多重大创新 many significant innovations in steel processing.
第一门铸钢炮是在埃森研制的 The first cast steel cannon was developed in Esson
1847年被德国 柯鲁格 公司收购 in 1847 by the German company Kru.
也是最重要的因素之一 And one of the most important factors
这种钢容易加工吗 is that the steel can be easy processed
由于它的灵活性 due to its flexibility.
铣削、轧制确实是相当通用的 Milling, rolling it is really quite versatile.
然后你可以按照自己的意愿把它变硬 And afterwards you can harden it again as you wish,
也就是说它很容易操作 which it means that it's easy to work with
但一旦加工 就会非常顽固 yet very resistant once processed.
无论是制造武器 Whether it's for manufacturing weapons
或者对于民用目的 钢铸件是一个挑战 or for civil purposes, steel casting is a challenging
以及19世纪的危险过程 and dangerous process in the 19th century.
工人们没有得到很好的保护 The workers are poorly protected.
铸钢的温度是1600摄氏度 And cast steel is at a temperature of 1600 degrees celsius.
今天大部分的工作步骤 Today most of the working steps
接近极热的液态钢 close to the extremely hot liquid steel
都是由机器完成的 are done by machines.
德国 这个曾经的世界领袖 已经失去了很多意义 Germany, once world leader has lost much of its significance
为钢铁工业服务 for the steel industry.
约占当今全球钢铁产量的50% About 50% of today's global steel production
位于中国 is located in China.
锻造角斗士是艰苦的体力劳动 Forging the gladius is hard, physical work.
但与此同时 斯特凡·罗斯 But at the same time, Stefan Roth
必须密切注意材料吗 has to pay close attention to the material
及其属性 and its properties.
锻造角斗士尤其困难 Forging the gladius is particularly difficult
因为我们有一个非常宽 平坦的表面 because we have a very wide, flat surface.
你必须非常小心 不要锤坏任何边 You have to be very careful not to hammer any edges
成材料 into the material.
这可能会在稍后的过程中导致问题 This could cause problems later in the process
当这把剑被磨碎的时候 when the sword will be grinded.
精密锻造方法 Sophisticated forging methods
能否进一步提高钢材 视乎范围而定 can further improve steel, depending on the scope
的应用程序 of the application.
古代铁匠已经意识到了这一点 Ancient blacksmiths were already aware of this.
对部分叶片进行了冶金分析 Some blades have been analyzed metallurgically
人们发现罗马人生产高质量的钢材 and it was found that the Romans produced top quality steel.
刀片的高品质 The high quality of the blade
罗马人的肉搏战是 for Roman hand to hand combat is however,
不仅仅是因为罗马人 not only due to the Roman's
非凡的锻造技能 extraordinary blacksmithing skills,
他们还使用了一种特殊的材料 诺列克钢 they also used a special material, Noric steel.
这是一个小小的奇迹 This feramericum was a little miracle
古典时代的 of the classical era.
它有显著的特性 It had remarkable properties.
今天人们相信这种原料 It is believed today that this raw material
可能来自彗星 might have stemmed from a comet.
彗星已经组成 And that the comet already consisted
金属的一种特殊组合 of a special combination of metals.
我们今天可以用精细的工艺生产这种金属 We could produce this metal today in elaborate processes
在高科技的高炉里 in high-tech blast furnaces.
但是罗马人很容易得到它 But it was readily available to the Romans
作为奥地利的一种矿物 as a mineral in Austria.
公元前一世纪末 At the end of the first century B.C.E.
罗马人在奥古斯都皇帝的统治下征服了这块土地 the Romans, under Emperor Augustus, conquered the territory
那就是现在的奥地利 that is now known as Austria.
他们用当地的矿石使他们的空地更坚固 They used the local ore to make their glade tougher
而且更容易锐化 and easier to sharpen.
剑变得越来越成功 越来越流行 The sword becomes more successful and more prevalent.
角斗士是一把非凡的剑 The gladius is an extraordinary sword,
在当时是革命性的 revolutionary for its time.
非常宽的刀刃 有时可达9厘米 A very wide blade, sometimes up to nine centimeters.
这把剑有一个非常突出的尖 The sword has a very prominent point.
当然 这是一把双刃剑 It is, of course, double edged.
你可以用它来切割 You can use it to cut.
但实际上这个点主要是用来刺的 But actually the point is mainly designed for stabbing.
这是一种很长的凶器 It's a very long, mean weapon.
如果你认为他们能用它做什么 那就太糟糕了 It's pretty nasty if you think what they could do with it.
短剑 有宽而硬的钢刃 The short sword with its wide, hard steel blade
只有50到60厘米长 is only 50 to 60 centimeters long,
重1.2到1.6公斤 and weighs 1.2 to 1.6 kilograms.
它将成为主要的近战武器 It will become the dominant close combat weapon
古代世界的 of the ancient world.
但为什么角斗士在队形战斗中如此有用呢? But why is the gladius so useful in formation fighting?
军团如何保持队形紧凑? How do the legionaries keep their war formation tight?
刀剑专家斯蒂芬·罗斯研究过 Swords expert Stefan Roth has studied
罗马人的战斗技巧 the Roman's combat technique.
罗马人找到了解决这个问题的办法 The Romans found a solution to the problem
通过在他们的右侧佩戴角斗士 by wearing the gladius on their right side,
用一种特殊的技巧来画剑 and using a special technique to draw the sword.
好叫他们不连累邻舍 So that they would not put their neighbor in danger
或者以任何方式阻碍他们 or hinder them in any way.
他们所做的就是抓住那把剑 What they did was grab the sword
他们的手朝里 with their hand turned inwards,
解开它 等待攻击 unsheath it and wait for the attack.
这正是他们所需要的 Exactly what they needed in this formation.
敌人又开始进攻了 The enemy is attacking again.
我们的罗马队形 Can our Roman formation,
这次带着短剑 阻止他们? this time armed with short swords, stop them?
军团士兵可以在林间空地上冲锋陷阵 The legionaries can thrust their glade
没有打开他们的队形 without opening their formation.
短而硬的刀刃允许战士使用 The short, hard blade allows the warriors
以各种方式伤害对手 to wound their opponents in various ways.
但总是快速有效 But always quickly and effectively.
罗马人创造了一种完美的杀人武器 The Romans created a perfect weapon for killing people
在非常近的距离 at very close quarters.
它有一个锋利的尖和两个非常锋利的刀片 It had a sharp point and two very sharp blades.
不管你用哪种方法 它都会起作用 So which ever way you used it, it was going to do
很多损坏 a lot of damage.
人们把罗马军队比作杀人机器 People have compared the Roman army to a mincing machine.
他们毫不夸张地把反对派给斩了 They literally chopped up the opposition
给他们造成了可怕的伤害 and inflicted terrible injuries on them,
这既使他们丧失了能力 也使他们意志消沉 which both disabled them and demoralized them.
剑术 一种短剑 The gladius, a short sword
征服了古代世界 conquers the ancient world.
模仿西班牙的凯尔特人 Copied from the Celtiberians in Spain,
经过几个世纪的完善 通过特殊的钢材硬化 perfected over centuries, hardened through special steel.
罗马军团手中的角斗士 The gladius, in their hands, the Roman legions
征服更多的领土 conquer ever more territories.
在公元三世纪初 In the beginning of the third century C.E.
他们统治着当时已知世界的大多数 they rule over the majority of the then-known world.
在它的黄金时代 在它最大的区域 During its golden age, at it's largest expanse,
罗马帝国从不列颠尼亚北部延伸 the Imperial Romanum stretches from the north of Britannia,
黑海沿岸 the coast of the Black Sea.
半个多世纪以来 罗马人拥有最多 For more than half a millennium, the Romans have the most
古代世界的强大军队 powerful army of the ancient world.
他们精良的军事结构和完善的后勤保障 Their sophisticated military structure and perfect logistics
为他们的成功铺平了道路 paved their way to success.
到处都是巨大的帝国军事建筑 Everywhere in the huge empire military structures
都是一样的 are the same.
罗马人建立 训练和领导每一个队列 The Romans set up, train and lead each cohort,
每一个军团 都按照严格的规则 each legion, according to strict rules.
既不是凯尔特人也不是托斯卡纳人 Neither the Celts nor the Tuscons
尤其擅长团结一致地战斗 were particularly good at fighting in a coherent group.
他们倾向于集体作战 They tended to fight as a mass of individuals.
而罗马人则是作为一个坚实的职业团体作战 Whereas the Romans fought as a solid, professional body
训练有素的男人 of trained men.
这就是自律的最大优势 And this has been the great advantage of disciplined,
历史上的职业军队 professional armies throughout history.
不是他们的人数 也不一定是他们的技能 It's not their numbers, it's not necessarily their skill,
他们的力量 是他们战斗的凝聚力 their strengths, it's the cohesion with which they fight.
在长达一个月的战役中 罗马军团 During month long campaigns Roman legionaries
必须像钟表一样工作 have to function like clockwork.
他们按照同样的计划和规则建造营地 They build their camps following the same plans and rules.
一个有经验的军人总能找到他的路 An experienced legionary would always find his way
在任何帝国阵营 in any imperial camp.
每个罗马人都知道 Every Roman immediately knows
他必须向谁汇报 to whom he has to report,
司令官的帐篷在哪里 where to find the commandant's tent,
哪里可以找到圣坛的标准 where to find the Shrine of the Standards
还有他的帐篷在哪里 and where to find his tent.
这一点不应低估 This should not be underestimated.
罗马工程师的效率得到了体现 The efficiency of Roman engineers is reflected
在他们建造的基础设施中 in the infrastructure they built
在新征服的省份 in newly conquered provinces.
他们的许多成就一直延续到今天 Many of their achievements live on to this very day.
当然是罗马帝国 Of course the Roman Empire
留下了痕迹 其中一些至今仍能看到 has left its marks, some of which can still be seen today.
罗马人完善了整个工程体系 The Roman's perfected the entire engineering system.
我们有罗马人建造的街道和桥梁 We have streets and bridges built by the Romans
例如 你仍然可以在西班牙使用 that you can still use in Spain, for example.
你可以用一辆现代化的汽车从上面开过去 You can drive over them with a modern car.
他们能够承受 They can withstand this.
为了调动他们的军队 In order to move their troops
很快 罗马人建立了 in ordinance quickly, the Roman's built
前所未有的道路网络 an unprecedented road network
遍及他们辽阔的帝国 throughout their vast empire.
在其最大的扩张 网络是关于 At its largest expansion, the network was about
85000公里长 85,000 kilometers long.
帝国的一些痕迹至今仍清晰可见 Some of the traces of the empire are still visibile today.
许多现代的街道和罗马的道路完全一样 And many modern streets run exactly where the Roman roads
曾经是 used to be.
罗马人制造和使用角斗士的方式 The way the Romans manufacture and use the gladius
是他们先进技术的又一例证吗 is another instance of their superior technology
和组织 and organization.
在帝国灭亡之前 它一直是一个关键的武器 It remains a pivotal weapon until the fall of the empire.
罗马人的许多巧妙发明逐渐被人遗忘 Many of the Roman's ingenious inventions fade into oblivion
就像古代世界让位于中世纪一样 as the ancient world gives way to the middle ages.
骑士时代开始了 The era of knights begins entailing the search
因为军事的意思是和穿着盔甲的骑士骑马作战 for military means to fight armored-clad knights on horses.
对付他们最有效的武器 The most efficient weapon against them
如今却无人知晓 is widely unknown today.
战争锤 The war hammer.
圣罗马诺 意大利北部 1432年6月1日 San Romano, Northern Italy, it's the first of June, 1432.
佛罗伦萨和西耶纳的军队 The troops of Florence and Sienna
正面临着一场激烈的战斗 are facing a fierce battle.
他们的骑士全副武装 Their knights are in full armor.
他们将战斗数小时 They will fight for hours.
最终 佛罗伦萨人取得了胜利 In the end, it's the Florentines who emerge victorious.
多亏了一幅画 这场战斗才得以不朽 The battle was immortalized thanks to a picture
佛罗伦萨画家保罗·乌切罗 by Florentine painter, Paolo Uccello.
画面上一个骑士挥舞着战锤 It shows a knight swinging his war hammer,
这是对这种武器罕见的艺术描绘 a rare artistic depiction of this weapon.
中世纪的村庄 In-e-curbin The medieval village, In-e-curbin.
就是在这里 我们想探索秘密 It is here where we want to explore the secrets
战争之锤 of the war hammer.
并找出它几乎被遗忘的原因 And find out why it has almost been forgotten.
现代的书籍和电影几乎总是描写骑士 Modern books and films almost always depict knights
用他们典型的长剑 with their typical long sword.
还有特技演员 约卡姆 Together with stunt men Yoakim
武器专家 迈克罗 正在准备一项实验 weapons expert Mike Loweds is preparing an experiment.
他们用钢做了一个典型的胸板 They set up a typical breast plate made from steel.
中世纪晚期盔甲的组成部分 An integral part of late medieval armor.
这样做的主要目的是转移视线 The main job of this is to deflect.
约卡姆 必须成为一名骑士 Yoakim has to become a knight
的实验 for the experiment.
他会骑着这匹马攻击他的对手 He will attack his opponent, sitting on this horse
在完整的盔甲 in full armor.
就像中世纪一样 Just like in the middle ages.
整个过程大约需要30分钟 The process takes almost 30 minutes.
他要一个接一个地把大约15个零件装进去 He has to put on roughly 15 parts, one by one.
邮件 亚麻做的野牛 Mail, the gambison made of linen
上面还有板甲 and plate armor on top of it.
意图层次众多 The intention of the numerous layers
是为了保护骑士免受一切危险吗 is to protect the knight from all dangers
这可能在激烈的战斗中出现 that may arise in the thick of a fight.
但是沉重的盔甲会让他变得多么不能动呢? But how immobile will the heavy armor make him?
你当然能分辨出来 Of course you can tell a difference
因为你穿着 because you are wearing
大约多20到25公斤 approximately between 20 to 25 kilos more.
但当然 它的制作是为了支撑这条路 But of course it's made so that it supports the way
你的身体应该在运动 your body is supposed to be moving.
所以如果我掉到地上 这是一个很大的误解 So if I fall to the ground, there's this big misconception
你再也站不起来了 that you can't get up again.
当然可以 因为在战斗中 But of course you can because in battle,
你可以从马上扯下来 然后你就会 you could get torn off your horse and then you would
躺在地上 be lying on the ground.
当然 你需要重新站起来 And of course you need to get up again
这样你就能保护自己了 so you can protect yourself.
约卡姆 的长剑可以吗 Can Yoakim's long sword
严重损坏盔甲上的假人? seriously damages the dummy in armor at all?
这盔甲经得起攻击 The armor withstands the attack.
刀刃甚至折断了 The blade even breaks.
我只凭观察就能看到什么 What I could see just by observation
是盔甲的形状 让它偏了 was the shape of the armor, it deflected it.
那把剑没有把全部力量刺进那个人的身体 That sword didn't deliver full force into the man.
不断的军备竞赛助长了这种野心 The constant arms race fuels the ambitions
开发出一种可以击倒战士的武器 to develop a weapon that can knock fighters out,
尽管他们的盔甲 despite their armor.
杀而不被杀 Killing without being killed.
战争的主要动机和人类历史一样古老 The leading motive of warfare is as old as human history.
自古以来 人们就开始投入战斗 Since the dawn of time, men going into battle
有没有想过保护自己的方法 have thought of ways of protecting themselves
对抗敌人的武器 against the enemy's weapons.
这是人类的自然反应 It's a natural human response.
他们开始使用现成的材料 And they begin by using readily available materials.
皮革 木材 越来越多 Leather, wood and increasingly
随着金属变得越来越普遍 as metal becomes more commonly available,
金属片被钉在皮革防御上 pieces of metal are studded onto the leather defenses.
然后防御本身就变成了金属 And then the defenses themselves become metal.
在中世纪早期 骑士 In the early middle ages, the knights
经常依赖邮件 often rely on mail.
大板装甲只能制造 Large plate armor can only be manufactured
一旦金属加工得到改善 once metal working has improved.
但是这种盔甲可以重达25公斤 But the armor, which can be as heavy as 25 kilograms,
也有它的缺点 also has its downsides.
这个问题一直处于平衡状态 The problem has always been balancing off
有利的保护免受不利的影响 the advantage of protection against the disadvantage
重量和不动 of weight and immobility.
你可以被完全保护 但也可以完全不动 You could be perfectly protected but also perfectly immobile
因此毫无用处 and therefore perfectly useless.
板甲必须定做 Plate armor has to be tailor made
为了完全合身 我把它送给了那位男士 to the man wearing it in order to fit perfectly.
这需要几个月的时间 This takes several months,
并不是每个人都买得起定制的盔甲 and not everyone can afford bespoke armor.
但这些都是昂贵的部件 But these are costly pieces.
都是手工制作的 It's all handmade.
它是由优质钢材制成的 It's made of high grade steel.
这是一项成本高昂的事业 而且需要技能 It is a costly enterprise and the skills needed
制造一套完整的盔甲是相当罕见的 to make a full set of armor are quite rare.
例如 英国人不得不进口盔甲 The English, for example, had to import armor
很长一段时间 因为他们根本没有 for a very long time because they simply didn't have
可以使用的技能 the skillsets available to make it.
这就是为什么盔甲也有很高的象征价值 This is why armor also has high symbolic value.
作为骑士社会地位的一个明显标志 As a visible sign of the knight's social status.
全套盔甲是身份的象征 The full suit of armor is a status symbol.
它说 看着我 我很重要 It says, look at me, I'm very important.
我是如此重要 我被保护着 而你并不重要 I'm so important I'm protected, whereas you are unimportant
而不是保护 and not protected.
精英主义 以自我为中心 暴力 Elitist, self centered, violent.
贵族骑士的概念是一个神话 The idea of noble knights is a myth.
当然我们总是有这样的想法 Of course we always have this idea
诚实的骑士 of the chivalrous knight who's honest,
他帮助穷人 总是讲真话 who helps the poor and always tells the truth.
不幸的是 现实往往看起来很不一样 Unfortunately reality often looked quite different,
如果不是相反的话 if not contrary to that.
骑士也表现出自私的行为 Knights also displayed self-serving behavior.
他们互相进行战争 They waged war against and amongst each other.
但这至少是真的吗 But is it at least true
那个骑士的军事水平比你高? that knight are superior on a military level?
他们真的是穿着盔甲的超级战士吗 Are they really the super warriors in armor
没有人能在战场上拿下它? that no one can take down on the battle field?
没有武器可以伤害? That no weapon can harm?
到14世纪中叶 他们已经发展出这种能力 By the mid 14th century, they had developed the ability
制作更大的钢板 to make larger plates of steel.
这使得他们能够制造大的表面 板甲 And that enabled them to make large surfaces, plate armor.
你可以盖住尸体 You could cover the body.
这是非常难以击败的 It was very difficult to defeat.
战锤是专门研制的 The war hammer was developed specifically
击败板甲 to defeat plate armor.
一个简单的锤子作为武器 A simple hammer as a weapon
对抗训练有素的骑士? against well trained and well protected knights?
第一个记录在案的战争锤的证据 The first documented evidence of war hammers
可以追溯到11世纪 dates back to the 11th century.
这种武器有不同的长度 The weapon comes in different lengths.
高达两米 重达14公斤 Up to two meters and weighing up to 14 kilograms.
迈克 和特技演员 约卡姆 想测试一下效果 Mike Lowed and stuntman Yoakim, want to test the effect
战锤对坚固的中世纪板甲的打击 of a war hammer blow to solid, medieval plate armor.
看到那股力量通过是很冷的 That was chilly to see that force go through.
这正好说明 无论人类多么聪明 And it just goes to show that however ingenious man is,
无论他发明了多少新的盔甲和保护 however much he invents new armor and new protection,
另一个人可以发明什么来打败它 another man can invent what will defeat it
正是战锤打败了盔甲 and it was the war hammer that defeated armor.
战锤的柄起作用了 The handle of the war hammer serves
作为一个伸出的手臂 as an extended arm.
我必须用武器头打击 就像这样 I have to strike out with a weapon head, like this,
为了获得动力 in order to gain any momentum at all.
它很重 And it is very heavy.
我需要很大的力气才能让它动起来 I need a lot of strength to make it move.
但一旦我做到了这一点 动力是巨大的 But once I've managed to do that, the momentum is enormous,
一个巨大的重量 甚至可能以极快的速度 an immense weight with perhaps even great speed.
击中目标可以释放 Hitting a target can release
相当多的能量 a considerable amount of energy.
在我们的测试中 板甲发生偏转 In our test, the plate armor deflects
部分冲击能量来自战争的锤击 part of the impact energy of the war hammer blow.
但也不是全部 Not all of it though.
剩下的直接转移到身体 The rest is transferred directly to the body,
致命的后果 with fatal consequences.
这样的一击能折断骨头 Such a blow can break bones.
比如肋骨 在某些情况下 For example, the rib bones and in some circumstances,
尤其是心脏上方的区域 especially of the area over the heart is hit,
可能会发生心脏震荡 Commotio cordis can occur.
这是拉丁文 意思是内心的激动 That's Latin for agitation of the heart.
基本上是心脏的震荡 It's basically a concussion of the heart.
会导致心脏骤停 And can lead to a very sudden cardiac arrest.
战锤的作用 What the war hammer does
它不会试图打破盔甲 is it doesn't try to break the armor,
它通过盔甲传送能量 it sends the power through the armor.
一次又一次的打击会使人疲惫不堪 And blow after blow after blow would weary a man.
但那只是对身体的打击 But that's just blows to the body.
像这样的武器打在头上会有什么用? What would a weapon like this do with a blow to the head?
如果两个骑士面对面 If two knights face each other,
他们通常骑在马上 they usually sit on their horses.
但如果其中一个已经失去了他的马 But if one of them has already lost his horse,
战锤提供了一个额外的优势 the war hammer offers an additional advantage.
攻击者可以使用钝器 The attacker can use the blunt weapon
从上面打他的对手 to hit his opponent from above.
我们想在测试中模拟的残酷暴力 Brutal violence that we want to simulate in our test.
特技演员约卡姆用全力击打假人 Stunt man Yoakim hits the dummy with full force.
这个实验让我们了解到中世纪的战争是多么残酷 The experiment gives an idea of how brutal medieval battles
一定是 must have been.
这是一个巨大而有力的打击 That was a colossal, powerful blow.
真正的目的 Really well aimed.
你做得很好 而且还弄出了一个酒窝 You did a good job there and it's created quite a dimple.
这真的损坏了头盔 That really has damaged this helmet.
这样的击打能折断一个人的脖子 Such blows can break a man's neck.
或者至少马上把他打晕 Or at least knock him out immediately.
脑震荡不会对大脑造成长期损害 A concussion doesn't do long term damage to the brain.
但是你会失去意识 我想 But you can lose consciousness and I imagine,
当你在战斗中 这可能不是最好的时刻 when you're in a battle, it might not be the best moment
通过了 to pass out.
显然会有后果 Obviously there will be consequences.
但是即使有了保护 But what can happen even with protection,
即使骑士戴着头盔 even if the knight is wearing a helmet,
是头部内出血 is internal bleeding in the head.
即使是钢盔也做不了什么 Not even a steel helmet can do a lot
反对战争之锤 against the war hammer.
它是战场上骑士致命的武器 It is a fatal weapon for knights on the battle field.
1461年的今天 英格兰的陶顿战役 The Battle of Towton, England in 1461
是名副其实的血洗 is a veritable blood bath.
考古发掘出土了无数的头盖骨 Archeological excavations have unearthed countless skulls
都被战争的锤子砸坏了 that have been smashed in by war hammers.
但这种武器不仅危险 But the weapon is not only perilous
当它从上面展开时 when it's deployed from above,
在锤头的背面 on the reverse side of the hammer head,
有一个铁钉 稍微向下弯曲 there is an iron spike, that is slightly curved downwards,
叫乌鸦的嘴 called Raven's Beak.
步行的战士可以用乌鸦的嘴 The warrior on foot can use the Raven's Beak
穿透装甲 to penetrate the armor plates.
用作钩的弯曲的尖头 The curved spike serving as a hook.
能把敌人的骑手从马上撕下来 And can tear down the enemy rider from his horse.
战争之锤具有不可预见的社会潜力 The war hammer has unforeseen social potential.
它成为普通人的武器 It becomes the weapon of the ordinary people.
他们用它来获取贵族 They use it to literally get the noblemen
从他们的高马上下来 down from their high horses.
每个铁匠的铺子都有一把锤子 Every blacksmith's shop has a hammer.
锤子不是复杂的武器 A hammer is not a sophisticated weapon.
他们知道这就是方法 And the had learned that this was the way
和这些全副武装的人战斗 to fight these men in their armor.
1524年6月 农民战争爆发 June 1524, the peasant's war is raging
在德国南部 in Southern Germany.
一万名农民站了起来 Ten thousand peasants are standing up
反对贵族的暴政 against the tyranny of the nobility.
他们的象征是彩虹旗 Their symbol is the rainbow flag.
他们要求更多的权利和更低的税收 They demand more rights and lower taxes.
在某种程度上 农民 At some point the peasantry
处于最底层 没有任何权利 of the lowest class, devoid of all rights,
无法再承担税收负担 can no longer carry the tax burden.
再也不能接受社会的不公、不平等 Can no longer accept the social injustice, the inequality.
这当然会导致反抗 Of course this leads to revolt.
但对于贵族和神职人员来说 这代表了 But for the nobility and clergy, this represented
下层阶级对神圣秩序的明显侵犯 a clear infringement of the divine order by the underclass.
农民总结他们的要求 The peasants summarize their demands
到12个文章 into 12 articles.
谈判失败得很惨 A negotiation attempt that fails miserably.
在随后的冲突中 战争的铁锤 In the conflicts that follow, the war hammer
成为农民最重要的武器之一 becomes one of the most important weapons of the peasants.
主要是因为它很容易做 Mostly because it is so easy to make.
然而 战争之锤最终并没有起到带头作用 In the end, however, the war hammer does not lead
农民取得了胜利 the peasants to victory.
贵族们用骑士和大炮打败了他们 The nobility defeats them with knights and cannons.
黑色粉末的时代开始了 The era of black powder begins.
火器和不断壮大的军队造就了骑士 Firearms and ever growing armies render the knights
他们的武器 像战锤 是多余的 and their weapons, like the war hammer, superfluous.
现代早期见证了这种崛起 The early modern era sees the rise
新的近距离战斗武器 of new close combat weapons.
其中一个至今仍在使用 One of them is still used today.
刺刀 The bayonet.
它有双重效果 It has a double effect.
生理上和心理上的 A physical and a psychological one.
毛瑟枪 早期火器 不准 操作复杂 Muskets, early firearms, inaccurate, complicated to operate
而且往往几枪后就没用了 因为过热 and often useless after a few shots, due to overheating.
在17世纪中叶足智多谋的火枪手 In the middle of the 17th century resourceful musketeers
是为了找到解决问题的方法而得到报酬的吗 are paid to find a way to tackle the problem
在法国的巴约讷 in Bayonne, France.
这座城市也给刺刀起了名字 The city also gives the bayonet its name.
一旦他们不能再开枪了 Once they can't fire their muskets anymore,
他们把刀片放进枪口 they put knife blades into the muzzles.
现在他们准备好了肉搏战 Now they are ready for hand to hand combat.
历史学家和武器专家史蒂文·鲍尔斯 Historian and weapons expert Steven Bowl,
向我们展示如何将毛瑟枪和刺刀结合起来 shows us how to combine musket and bayonet.
这就是插刀 So this is the plug bayonet.
这是一种极其简单的武器 It's an extremely simple weapon.
它基本上是一把带木柄的刀刃 It's basically a knife blade with a wooden handle.
一个木柄正好可以放进步枪的枪管里 And a wooden handle just fits into the barrel of the musket.
我们来看一下 So let's see that.
这是毛瑟枪 插头刺刀 Here's the musket, the plug bayonet.
直接扔进桶里 Straight into the barrel.
然后我就可以这样面对我的敌人 Then I can confront my enemy like this.
这把刺刀是以插头的名字命名的 This bayonet is named after a plug
用来关闭酒桶 used to close wine barrels.
它首次使用是在17世纪 It was first used in the 17th century.
木柄在直的、叶子状的钢刀刃上的木柄 The wooden handle on the straight, leaf shaped steel blade
是调整到不同的毛瑟枪口径随着时间的推移 is adjusted to the different musket calibers over time.
但我能在战场上快速做到这一点吗? But can I do this quickly on the field of battle?
这是一个我们要问自己的问题 This is a question we're gonna ask ourselves.
敌人正在为我们的实验做准备 The adversary's preparing for our experiment.
和他一起 史蒂文·鲍尔斯想要投篮 Together with him, Steven Bowl wants to take his shot
在近距离战斗中使用插刀 at using the plug bayonet in close combat
看看效果如何 and see how well it works.
因为在这种情况下 快速反应是必不可少的 Because quick reactions are essential in this situation.
所以现在我有点紧张 So now I'm getting slightly nervous.
我要以15米的速度充电 I'm gonna be charged at 15 meters.
我的对手将是胜利者 My opponent is going to be Victor.
维克多会带上他的步枪 在战斗中 And Victor will take his musket and in battle,
如果他先找到我 我就会被这东西击中 if he gets to me first, I'm gonna be hit with this thing.
看看会发生什么 So let's see what happens.
我们模拟一个战斗场景 We simulate a battle situation
在近代早期 in early modern times.
戴上刺刀进行近距离战斗 Putting on the bayonet for close combat
不要花太长时间 mustn't take too long.
1米 2米 3米 4米 5米 6米 One meter, two meters, three, four, five, six,
更紧张 14 15 more nervous, 14, 15.
敌人越接近 The closer the enemy is,
步枪的精度越高 the higher the accuracy of the musket.
史蒂文·包尔想试试火枪手的技术 Steven Bowl wants to try the musketeer's technique
距离只有15米 at a distance of just 15 meters.
在他投完最后一球后 他能做到吗 After taking his last shot, will he be able to
及时把刺刀插进桶里? fit the bayonet into the barrel in time?
还是他的对手会先到? Or will his opponent reach him first?
他的攻击者更快 His attacker is faster.
我们的火枪手史蒂文将毫无防备 Our musketeer Steven would be defenseless
现在是肉搏战 in hand to hand battle now.
在匆忙中 他被刺刀刺伤了自己 And in all the rush he hurts himself with the bayonet.
我们发现了其中一个缺点 So we've discovered one of the disadvantages
试图快速使用插拔刺刀 of trying to use a plug bayonet very quickly
如果你快速抓住刀刃 and that is if you grab hold of the blade very fast
它会割破你的手指 it actually cuts your fingers.
所以我们需要一种比插拔刺刀更好的技术 So really we need a better technology than the plug bayonet.
为了使这个系统工作 刺刀和步枪一起使用 To make this system work, bayonet and musket together.
一个更复杂的版本 A more sophisticated version
不久就会来 is not long in coming.
17世纪末 At the end of the 17th century,
引进了一种新设备 a new device was introduced.
这是插孔或环形刺刀 This is the socket or ring bayonet.
正如你所看到的 它与武器的枪口相吻合 And as you can see, it fits around the muzzle of the weapon
这样你才能继续开火 so that you can still continue to fire
即使有刺刀 even with the bayonet in place.
这是一个很大的突破 This is quite the breakthrough.
法国将军和军事工程师沃班 French general and military engineer Vauban,
1669年发明插座刺刀 invents the socket bayonet in 1669.
从那一年起 它挑起了欧洲的战争 From that year on, it mounts Europe's wars
两个多世纪以来 for more than two centuries.
并夺去无数士兵的生命 And takes the lives of countless soldiers.
1813年10月 德国莱比锡;俄罗斯、奥地利、 Leipzig, Germany, in October 1813; Russian, Austrian,
普鲁士和瑞典军队面对法国及其盟友 Prussian and Swedish troops face France and its allies.
军刀和刺刀起着至关重要的作用 Sabers and bayonets play a crucial role
在肉搏战中 in hand to hand combat.
刺刀也被证明是有效的 Bayonets also prove efficient
抵御骑兵的攻击 in fending off cavalry attacks.
这是他们如何取代长木枪 This is how they replace the long wooden lance
在那之前一直在使用 that has been used until then.
派克 The pike.
长枪是必不可少的 The pike was essential
保护火枪手不受骑兵的伤害 to defend the musketeers against cavalry.
因为他们装子弹和开火的速度不够快 Because they couldn't load and fire fast enough
阻挡骑兵 to hold off cavalry.
如果你能给他们自卫武器 If you could give them a self defense weapon
本质上是他们自己的梭子鱼 essentially their own form of pike,
您可以减少对防御性元素的需求 you could reduce the need for the defensive element
增加你的火力 and increase your fire power.
用单一武器攻击 Attacking with one single weapon
确保防御 and securing the defense.
在莱比锡战役中 各方都在使用刺刀 In the battle of Leipzig, all sides are using the bayonet.
60万名男子中有9万多人丧生 Over 90,000 out of 600,000 men lose their lives.
他们中的许多人在近距离作战 Many of them in close combat.
最后 拿破仑被迫承认失败 In the end, Napoleon is forced to admit defeat.
他做了拿破仑战争所做的 He's done what the Napoleon Wars does,
他把他所有最好的部队都炸掉了 he's blown away all the best of his troops
在寻找完美的胜利 in the search for a perfect victory.
他什么也没做 And he's achieved nothing.
他将不得不再次退位 And he will have to abdicate all over again.
从19世纪开始 From the 19th century on,
枪支变得更加有效 firearms become more efficient.
战斗距离变得更大 Battle distances become greater.
肉搏战变得越来越少 Hand to hand combat becomes rarer.
然而刺刀在20世纪仍然很重要 The bayonet though remains crucial also in the 20th century.
这主要是由于它的心理作用 This is mostly due to its psychological effect.
我们想探究产生这种效果的原因 We want to explore the reason for this effect
在一个实验 in an experiment.
卡林 鲁特格斯 是一位神经生物学家 Karin Ruttgers is a neurobiologist.
她将用刺刀攻击一些志愿者 She will confront some volunteers with a bayonet attack.
为了安全起见 我们求助于虚拟现实 For security reasons, we resort to virtual reality.
我们今天知道看电影 We know today that watching films
有了这副虚拟现实眼镜 我们可以体验 with this virtual reality glasses, we experience
和我们在现实生活中的情绪相似 similar emotions to those we have in real life.
这就是为什么我们甚至用它们来治疗焦虑症 This is why we even use them to treat anxiety disorders.
我们的潜意识根本无法区分 Our subconscious simply cannot differentiate
介于现实和幻想之间 between reality and fantasy.
我们的认知意识自我可以做出这种区分 Our cognitive conscious self can make this differentiation
但是我们的潜意识也有同样的恐惧 but our subconscious feels the same fear.
所以这是非常现实的 So it's all very realistic.
两个场景将会发生 Two scenes will take place
在虚拟现实环境中 in the virtual reality setting.
在一战战壕中 参与者将面对 In a World War I trench, participants will face
一个士兵用步枪瞄准他们 a solider aiming at them with a rifle.
在第二种情况下 士兵走近他们 In the second scenario the soldier approaches them,
他步枪上的刺刀 a bayonet on his rifle.
参与者的反应会有所不同吗? Will the participants reaction be different?
第一轮在观察的目光下开始 The first round starts under the observing eye
卡琳•吕 of Karin Ruttgers.
我们测量心率和皮肤抵抗力 We measure the heart rate and skin resistance
每一个参与者 都要能够分析 of each participant, to be able to analyze
他们的反应很详细 their reactions in detail.
这些参数无疑将揭示他们的恐惧 These parameters will undeniably reveal their fear.
戴上虚拟现实眼镜 Putting on a virtual reality glasses,
第一个参与者卷入了第一次世界大战 the first participant is plunged into World War I.
她事先没有得到简报 She was not briefed before hand.
她很难确定自己的方向 And has difficulties orienting herself
在不寻常的环境中 in the unusual setting.
然后第一部分开始 Then the first part begins.
嘿! Hey!
我们可以看到她是怎么搬回来的 Okay we could see how she moved back.
我们展示场景 We show the scene
一共有10名参与者 to a total of 10 participants.
他们事先没有得到任何警告 They are given no warning before hand.
所有的受试者都进入了实验 The subjects all going into the experiment
没有跟上速度 without being brought up to speed.
嘿! Hey!
他们的反应是相似的 Their reactions are similar.
他们都经历过恐惧的时刻 They all experience a moment of fear.
虚拟现实作品 Virtual reality works.
在第一轮比赛中 他们都愣住了 等待着 In the first round, they all froze and waited
因为接下来会发生什么 for what was to come next.
他们不那么放松 肯定很紧张 They were less relaxed, definitely tense.
但我们还没有被吓到 But were not terrified yet.
第二轮 现在虚拟士兵 The second round, now the virtual soldier
正在用刺刀攻击 is attacking with his bayonet.
参与者会有不同的反应吗 Will the participants react differently
在模拟近战情况下 in the simulated close combat situation.
我一时感到害怕 I felt afraid for a brief moment.
他直视着我的眼睛 He looked my directly in the eye
那感觉很不舒服 and that felt uncomfortable.
这很可怕 Well that was frightening
因为他没有停下来 而是直接向我跑过来 because he didn't stop, but ran directly towards me.
你真正想做的是躲开他 What you actually want to do is to get out of his way
不知怎的就跑掉了 somehow and run away.
在那里我们可以清楚地看到他们的后退 There we could clearly see the move back.
堑壕战的形势是可怕的 The trench warfare situation is nightmarish.
枪上插着刺刀的尖叫的士兵 A screaming soldier with a bayonet on his firearm
显然增加了紧张 clearly increases the tension.
你可以看到这里有一个巨大的尖峰 You can see an enormous spike here.
你可以看出她是怎样辨别方向的 You can see how she oriented herself.
她在房间里也经常走动 She moved around a lot in the room as well.
然后她平静下来 然后突然 Then she calmed down and then all of a sudden
士兵出现了 她变得非常紧张 the soldier appeared and she became very nervous.
非常非常可怕 It was very very frightening and scary.
我感到毫无防备 And I felt kind of defenseless.
想要逃离这种情况 Wanting to escape the situation
是我们实验中观察到的自然反应 is the natural response observed in our experiment.
同样 这种恐惧可以通过这种方式清楚地看到 Again, this fear can be clearly seen by way
测得的曲线 of the measured curve.
你肯定会感到更害怕 You definitely feel a lot more scared.
当他开始尖叫时 我真的很想 And when he started to scream I really just wanted
离开 to get away.
参与者对自己的情绪状态进行评分 The participants rated their emotional state
在实验之前的天平上 on a scale before the experiment.
在每个虚拟现实场景之后 And after each virtual reality scenario.
使用这些主观数据和测量 Using this subjective data, and the measurements
心率和皮肤抵抗力方面 卡林 鲁特格斯 获得 of heart rate and skin resistance, Karin Ruttgers obtains
一个明确的分析结果 an unequivocal analysis result.
数据清楚地表明 紧张局势有所加剧 The data clearly shows that the tension rose
在刺刀的情况下是140% by 140% in the bayonet situation.
而在步枪场景中只增加了75% Where as it only increased by 75% in the rifle scenario.
所以我们可以证明刺刀的可怕程度是它的两倍 So we could show that the bayonet is twice as frightening
就像武器一样 as the firearm alone.
刺刀是一种心理武器 The bayonet is a psychological weapon.
它的主要目的是灌输对利刃武器的恐惧 Its main object is to instill fear of edged weapons
在战场上进行杀戮 onto a battle field where the killing is done
用炮弹和步枪子弹 with artillery rounds and rifle bullets.
它带来了发自内心的古老恐惧 It brings that visceral ancient fear
这让军队的神经感到不安 that unsettles the nerves of troops.
说服人们投降 That persuades people to surrender.
面对刺刀会让你投降 Being confronted with a bayonet will make you surrender
因为它是刺刀 而不是因为它后面是步枪 because it's a bayonet not because behind it is a rifle
那样会更容易杀死你 that will kill you much more easily,
而且要快得多 and much more quickly.
这是一种恐怖武器 It's a weapon of terror.
一旦你让你的敌人感到恐惧 Once you've struck fear in your enemy,
你有权力控制他们 you have power over them then.
任何能给士兵额外感觉的武器 Any weapon that gives a soldier an additional sense
控制和权力 of control and power
会对他们产生巨大的心理影响吗 is going to have a huge psychological effect on them
以及他们如何参战 and how they go into war.
他们对敌人的感觉 How they feel about their enemy.
在刺刀的情况下 And in this situation of a bayonet,
他们拿着东西 they're carrying something
因为它也有子弹 that can kill because it also has the bullet
但也会使人产生恐惧 but can also strike fear into the person
他们战斗 that they're fighting.
削弱 The idea of weakening
对手的心理心态 the opponent's psychological mindset
比人类还要古老 is older than mankind.
远古的战士带着呐喊和怒吼而来 Ancient warriors come with the loud cries and roars
用角、鼓攻击动物的声音 of attacking animals with horns, drums
战争在战前呼喊 and war cries before the battle.
在第二次世界大战中装备了战斗机 In World War II fighter aircraft are equipped
用小塞壬来散播恐惧和恐惧 with little sirens to spread fear and terror.
气流激活的警报器直接安装在炸弹上 Airstream activated sirens are fitted directly onto bombs.
他们放大了炸弹落下时的自然声音 They amplify the natural sound of the falling bombs
并使轰炸造成更大的创伤 and render bombardments even more traumatizing.
在战争中 任何优势都是积极的 In warfare any advantage is positive.
战争心理学是 如果可能的话 The psychology of war is, if possible,
说服敌人做你想做的事 persuade the enemy to do what you want
不需要战斗 without having to fight.
这样你就不会被杀了 That way you don't get killed at all
你可以对他们为所欲为 and you can do what you like with them
当他们投降了 when they've surrendered.
军事心理学 Psychology in a military context
他们有两个目标 传统的战争舞蹈 has two objectives, with their traditional war dance,
哈卡人 新西兰的莫里部落 the Haka, the Mowri Tribe in New Zealand,
想要表现出力量和灌输恐惧 wants to demonstrate strength and instill fear
在他们的对手 in their opponents.
但这著名的舞蹈也有一个迫在眉睫的影响 But the famous dance also has an imminent effect
舞者 on the dancers.
巨大的尖叫声鼓舞着战士们 The loud screams encourage the warriors themselves,
让他们具有攻击性 降低压抑 make them aggressive and lower inhibitions.
修复刺刀 Fix bayonets.
直到今天 战争仍在呐喊 Still to this day, war cries
都是训练的一部分 are part of the vein of training.
军事训练的重点是克服我们的天性 Military training focuses on overcoming our natural
抑制杀死 inhibition to kill.
战争的呐喊道出了我们最古老的本能 The war cry speaks to our most ancient instincts.
我们经常会看到人们唱着这样的歌 Often we'll see people chanting things like,
杀 杀 杀 kill, kill, kill.
所以这是准备肾上腺素 So it's getting the adrenaline ready
但这也使他们变得麻木 but it's also desensitizing them
犯下暴力行为 to commit acts of violence,
这可能与他们所拥有的相违背 which goes against what they have probably
被抚养长大 been brought up to do.
这就像训练一个人去杀人 So it's almost like training somebody to be able to kill,
能够对某人造成伤害 to be able to inflict harm with somebody,
通过脱敏的过程 by going through this process of desensitizing them.
警戒! 警戒! En garde! -: En garde!
警戒! En garde!
肉搏战是最直接的 Hand to hand combat is the most immediate
战争的经验 experience of war.
这在角斗士的时代是真的 That was true back in the days of the gladius
今天依然如此 and still is true today.
伊拉克战争体现在现代冲突中 The Iraq War has shown in modern conflicts,
士兵们射杀大多数敌人 soldiers shoot most of their enemies
从很远的地方 from a large distance.
但最严重的心理问题也由此产生 But the worst psychological problems are caused
肉搏战 by hand to hand combat.
在战争期间和之后很长一段时间 During and long after the battle.
在未来 士兵的目标是成为 In the future, the soldier is intended to become
一个完美的保护和技术增强 a perfectly protected and technically enhanced
近距离战斗机器 close quarter combat machine.
装备让人想起机器人 With equipment reminiscent of robots.
外骨骼 The exoskeleton.
有不同的模型 There are different models.
他们中的一些人能接住子弹 Some of them can catch bullets.
其他的可以让士兵携带100公斤 Others enable soldiers to carry up to 100 kilograms
几个小时 for several hours.
从军事角度来看 From a military point of view,
它使他们能够承受重物 it makes them able to bear heavy loads.
如果他们不带着重型设备四处走动 If they aren't moving around with heavy equipment,
它的外骨骼使运输 it is the exoskeleton that makes transporting
操作这台机器是完全可能的 and operating this machinery possible at all.
在21世纪 我们搬走了 In the 21st century, we've moved away
不只是想到保护 from just thinking about protection.
和人类的机动性 And human mobility.
我们现在开始考虑使用外骨骼 We're starting now to think about using an exoskeleton
哪种既能保护佩戴者 又能增强佩戴效果 which will both protect the wearer and also enhance
他们的身体能力 their physical prowess.
所以他们可以走得更快 跳得更高 So they can move faster, jump higher.
并持续更长的时间 And carry on functioning for longer.
设备的负载 The load of the equipment
是智能转移到金属悲伤 is intelligently shifted onto metal grieves
和电子马达 and electronic motors.
未来战士:半人半机器? The soldier of the future: half man, half machine?
我们所做的就是在制造 What we're doing is we're making
这是战争史上最经典的权衡之一 one of the classic trade-offs in the history of war
在数量和质量之间 between numbers and quality.
我们开始说也许有一些 非常昂贵的 We're starting to say maybe having a few, highly expensive,
穿着外骨骼的超级战士形象 super warrior figures in exoskeletons
可能会更有效 might be more effective
有很多普通步兵 that having a very large number of ordinary foot soldiers.
这可能是未来的道路 And that this may be the way ahead.
所以 我们必须非常小心 不要追求 So we have to be very careful that we're not pursuing
这是一个错误的前提 a false premise here.
那一小部分机械强化的士兵 That a small number of mechanically enhanced soldiers
在更常规的部队中替换相同的值 replacing the same value in a more conventional forces.
尽管科技进步很大 But despite all technological advancements
以及武器工业的进步 and improvements of the weapons industry,
战争将一如既往 war will remain what it has always been.